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Alfonso X’s Lapidario: Stones, Stars and Colours
I’ve been down a bit of rabbit hole over the last couple of days which others may have already been down. I was looking once more at the Zodiac folios, in particular Taurus. The Taurus Light and Dark folios are both marked “may” in, as often remarked, a later hand. There are 15 figures in each Taurus folio, for a total of 30. However, as we well know, May has 31 days, so the figures probably don’t represent days. I thus went in search of 30-way splits of Zodiac signs ….
Alfonso X’s Lapidario
Looking at this old Spanish illustrated manuscript:
“Tratados de Alfonso X sobre astrología y sobre las propiedades de las piedras”
which is a treatise on astrology and the importance of stones/gems etc., we can see a circular Taurus diagram with 30 divisions.
Each of these divisions is associated with a stone, of a noted colour, and one or a few stars in a constellation. There is a lengthy description of each division, its stone, its stars, the various ailments the stone cures, when the stone should be used, et cetera. There is a Spanish transcription of the text here, which I found very useful (combined with Google Translate):
Since a plausible language match to the month spellings as written in the Zodiac folios is Occitan which at one point covered part of Spain (please correct me on this, as I’m not sure), there seems to be a compelling regional match here, but I can’t quite figure it out.
From what I’ve read, Alfonso X assembled a team of scholars from all world regions, who worked on documents on a variety of topics. This website says of the Lapidario: “The Lapidario is a thirteenth century Castilian translation sponsored by King Alfonso X el Sabio, the Learned. The translation was done from an Arabic text which in turn is said to have been translated by the mysterious Abolays from an ancient text in the “Chaldean language””
Matching Stone Colours
Anyway, my first approach was to try to match the colours of the headgear or tunics of the clothed figures in the Taurus Light folio to the colours of the first and second fifteen stones mentioned in the Lapidario. It’s a little tricky, because although the stones are numbered, we don’t know which is figure 1 in the Taurus Light folio, and whether the inner ring precedes the outer. Even so, the patterns of colours in the stones sequence might reveal a match. I drew a blank.
Matching Stones with Voynich Star Labels
My second approach was to try to match the names of the stones with the labels on the figures, to see if there was some correlation between the label length, or its initial glyph, with the stones’ names. Very tricky.
Some of the stones that appear in the Taurus set of 30 also appear in other Zodiac signs in the Lapidario. For example, the ninth stone in Taurus is “esmeri(l)” (Latin), and esmeril is also the third stone of Libra, and the second stone of Aquarius.
This leads to the obvious question: is there a Figure in the both the Voynich Taurus and Libra roundels (Aquarius is missing) that shares the same label? If so, might that label be “esmeril”? And, are there other stones that appear in more than one sign which might be matched to duplicate stones in the Lapidario?
(As an aside, regarding the stones and colours, I was struck by the third stone of Taurus, called “camorica”, which is scarlet in colour and associated with the Pleiades.)
Another promising avenue is to compare the shapes and orientations of the stars in the constellations as they appear in the VM with how they appear in the Lapidario. Since the Pleiades are mentioned in the Lapidario, are they illustrated there, and does its illustration of the cluster match the apparent drawing of it in the VM (which differs in detail from its actual appearance in the night sky)? I need to investigate further, but my suspicion is that others have already been down this path 🙂
Chaldean Stones
I extracted the Chaldean stone names for each Zodiac sign, from the transcription I linked to above. The stones for Aries are shown below, as an example. (The whole set is available if anyone wants it.)
The first 12 sections in the Lapidario list the 30 stones for each zodiac sign, but a few signs appear to be truncated: Leo has only one stone, Pisces only has two stones, and Aquarius only 28.
There follow more sections, again one for each sign, but these each have only three stones. I’m not clear what they represent. I posted about all this at Voynich Ninja, and MarcoP was able to explain. Others also chimed in with some useful comments. The discussion is here.
Anyway, following those sections are several more that cover the stones of Saturn (4 stones), Jupiter (4 stones), Mars (4 stones), Venus (24 stones), Sun (9 stones) and Mercury (17 stones).
Here is an extract of the list I extracted for all the Zodiac stones: this is for Aries.
ARIES 1 magnitad 2 zurudica 3 gagatiz 4 miliztiz 5 centiz 6 movedor 7 goliztiz 8 telliminuz 9 milititaz 10 huye de la leche 11 alj?far 12 anetatiz 13 beruth 14 piedra de cinc 15 tira el oro 16 chupa la sangre 17 parece en la mar cuando sube Marte 18 tira el vidrio 19 annora 20 yzf 21 cuminon 22 astarnuz 23 belyniz 24 gaciuz 25 azufaratiz 26 abietityz 27 lubi 28 ceraquiz 29 berlimaz 30 annoxatir
In total I count 301 stones in the Lapidario’s Zodiac section, of which 291 are unique to a sign. The remainder appear more than once as follows:
bezaar [(9, 'G\x83MINIS'), (11, 'G\x83MINIS')] azarnech [(12, 'SAGITARIO'), (13, 'SAGITARIO')] pez [(7, 'LIBRA'), (30, 'LIBRA')] plomo [(18, 'VIRGO'), (13, 'CANCRO')] calcant [(10, 'VIRGO'), (11, 'VIRGO')] aliaza [(23, 'TAURO'), (29, 'TAURO')] parece en la mar [(15, 'SAGITARIO'), (15, 'TAURO'), (17, 'G\x83MINIS'), (17, 'ACUARIO')] de la serpiente [(12, 'LIBRA'), (7, 'G\x83MINIS')]
e.g. “bezaar” is the 9th and the 11th stone in Gemini, “de la sepiente” is the 12th stone in Libra and the 7th in Gemini.
Turning to the Voynich Zodiac, I count 298 unique star labels of which 269 are unique to a sign. The labels that appear more than once are:
otal dar ['71r', '70v2'] Aries (Light) , Pisces , otal ['72r2', '73r'] Gemini , Scorpio , okeey ary ['72r1', '72r2'] Taurus (Dark) , Gemini , okal ['73v', '72r2', '72r2'] Sagittarius , Gemini , Gemini , okeos ['73v', '73r', '73r'] Sagittarius , Scorpio , Scorpio , okeoly ['70v2', '72v1'] Pisces , Libra , otaly ['70v2', '72v3', '73r'] Pisces , Leo , Scorpio , okaram ['70v2', '72r2'] Pisces , Gemini , okoly ['70v1', '72v3'] Aries (Dark) , Leo , okalar ['72r3', '72r2'] Cancer , Gemini , okary ['72v3', '73r'] Leo , Scorpio , okam ['72r2', '72v3'] Gemini , Leo , okeody ['73v', '73v', '73r', '72v2'] Sagittarius , Sagittarius , Scorpio , Virgo , ykey ['73v', '73v'] Sagittarius , Sagittarius , okaly ['70v2', '72r2', '72r2', '72v3'] Pisces , Gemini , Gemini , Leo , okaldy ['72r2', '72v3'] Gemini , Leo , otaraldy ['72r1', '72r2'] Taurus (Dark) , Gemini , otoly ['72v3', '73r'] Leo , Scorpio , oky ['73v', '72v3', '73r'] Sagittarius , Leo , Scorpio , oteody ['73v', '73v'] Sagittarius , Sagittarius , okedy ['72v1', '73r'] Libra , Scorpio ,
e.g. “otal dar” appears as a label on both the Aries(Light) and Pisces zodiac chart.
If the Voynich Zodiac charts are indeed showing stones (and the figure/star labels are their names), then there should be good matches between the two lists above.
One potential match is:
azarnech [(12, 'SAGITARIO'), (13, 'SAGITARIO')] ykey ['73v', '73v'] Sagittarius , Sagittarius ,
However, the two labels “ykey” on f73v are not adjacent, which they should be if they are stones 12 and 13.
Another:
azarnech [(12, 'SAGITARIO'), (13, 'SAGITARIO')] oteody ['73v', '73v'] Sagittarius , Sagittarius ,
in this case, the two labels “oteody” on f73v are adjacent to one another, but the figures/stars they label are in the group of four at the top of the folio: it’s a stretch to think their locations are 12th and 13th.
To be continued ….
Naked Ladies
I have been trying to make sense of the labels on the ladies in the bathing section. Here is a graphic extract of the folios that show the sets of the ladies where each has a label:
Naked Ladies and their labels
(Full detail here: http://pcbunn.cacr.caltech.edu/voynich/ladies_labels.png beware .. about 20MB)
The reasonable assumption is that the labels are the names of each lady. The labels tend to be short, whereas typical female European names of the 15th Century tend to be rather long: see for example the lists at http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/
Most female Italian names from that period end in “a”. So one might expect some similar common feature amongst the labels … But there is nothing apparent, except perhaps for the somewhat common terminal “9”.
What else could the labels be, if not names?
Also, the ladies are predominantly naked, with few exceptions. The lady labelled oeh9 on the top row in the graphic appears to have a red striped shawl around her shoulders, but she is visibly naked beneath. This strikes me as odd … as she is so distinct, perhaps she can be identified historically by this pattern (I’m looking at R.Sale!)?
Some of the ladies have long hair, some short. Nothing odd about that, but the ones with long hair sometimes appear to be wearing some sort of crown – see for example lady ogoy next to the shawled lady in the top row, and lady sohoe9 in the lower middle of the graphic: she is also holding some sort of ring or handle.
As regards the labels, the most plausible hypothesis is that they are codes for names. My preference for them being names is that it’s the simplest explanation.
Perhaps the whole book is a local guide – the plants from the region, the stars that can be seen from the region, the local spa and slime facilities, the local recipes (but no hedgehogs, please), and featuring the local “talent” – the beautiful ladies who live there. It’s a tourist guide, if you like. Perhaps the information it contains was quite scandalous for the times, hence the code.
T/O Maps, the Moon and Carthage
Consider the three T/O maps (thanks to Rich Santa Coloma for this suggestion), depicting the Earth (or World) in the VMs (on f67v2, the Rosettes, and f68v3). Looking at f67v2 there is a channel between the moon and one of the T/O map quadrants, labeled “ohay aeck oehaN”. The same quadrant is labelled “ohay” on the Rosettes. It makes sense that the Earth is shown like this on both folios – away and to the side – as these folios are dedicated to illustrations of the sun, moon etc. and (perhaps) paradise or the garden of earthly delights, respectively. Let’s come back to this later – specifically the significance of the label “ohay” with the Moon. 
The T/O map on f68v3 can be compared with a map from 1472 , and it’s tempting to match “oko8oe” to “Africa” or “Cham”.
However, the Asia part of the map on f68v3 is labeled with a set of words, rather than a single word that might be “Asia” or “Sem”. So perhaps this is a list of prominent place names in Asia. Perhaps the labels on the Europa and Africa quadrants are also prominent place names? Here’s a contemporary map that shows Africa, Europa and Asia (from 1483):
In Africa, we see the city of Cartha (Carthage). Carthage is even more prominent in this map dating from 1110:
So, the conjecture for this T/O map on f68v3 is that it is showing prominent (or significant) place names in each continent, and that “oko8oe” = “cartago”. This fits nicely (of course) with the “ok-” = “ca-” prefix theory.
Candidate Carrots and Castor Oil
Here is a set of plausible coincidences, or strong evidence (depending on how gullible you are) that VMs words beginning “ok-” are enciphered from Latin words beginning “ca-“.
Evidence 1: Acorus Calamus – Sweet Flag
In my last post I referred to several labels in the VMs that appear on different folios. In particular, “okoe89”, “okae89” and “okae9”. The question was “what do they all have in common?”. Two of the three “okae9” labeled objects are roots with distinctive shapes, strongly suggestive of “Acorus Calamus” (Sweet Flag):
Conjecture: “okae9” = “Calamus”
Evidence 2: Carrots
The three “okae89” labeled plants show similarities. The one on f101v2 looks very much like a carrot, and the other two could also be carrots:
Conjecture: “okae89” = “Carota”
Evidence 3: Castillum
And what about the third label “okoe89”? There are five objects labeled by this word. Three look like plants/roots, one is some sort of funnel (from the balneological pages) and the fifth is obviously a castle:
- Castle in the Rosettes folios
Conjecture: “okoe89” = “Castellum”
From this evidence, a simple conclusion is that the prefix “ok” enciphers the Latin prefix “ca”.
Evidence 4: Castor and Pollux
If the “ok” prefix is enciphering “ca”, then we can search for labels beginning with “ok” and see whether there are any obvious matches to the labeled objects with words beginning “ca”. It turns out that there are.
On f68r3, which is popularly supposed to show the Pleiades star cluster, one of the map segments has a pair of stars labeled “okoy9” and “ohos”. These seem likely to be the famous pair Castor and Pollux. Moreover, in the opposite segment is a group of four stars, one of which also has the “ok” prefix, and is labeled “ok98*”. This is possibly the Behenian star Capella in the constellation of Auriga. (Note: if this is indeed the Auriga constellation, then one of the other stars should be “Alnath”. The star next to the Pleiades is supposed to be Aldabaran, and is enciphered as “81oe8a9”. The star next to Capella is labelled “8ayaee” – perhaps this is Alnath, and the VMs prefix “8-” encodes “al-“?)
Conjecture: “okoy9” = “Castor”, “ok98*” = “Capella”
- Castor, Pollux, Capella and the Pleiades
Evidence 5: Castor Oil
Following on from the identification of Castor and Pollux on f68r3, we look for other instances of “okoy9” i.e. “Castor” and find one labeling a plant on f88v. The leaf of this plant looks very similar to that of the Castor Oil plant:
Summary
| VMs Word | Latin Word | VMs Prefix | Latin Prefix | VMs Postfix | Latin Postfix |
| okae9 | calamus | ok | ca | ae9 | lamus |
| okae89 | carota | ok | ca | ae89 | rota |
| okoe89 | castellum | ok | ca | oe89 | stellum |
| okoy9 | castor | ok | ca | oy9 | stor |
| ok98* | capella | ok | ca | 98* | pella |
Glyph Sequence Probabilities
In the following tables, the probability (0..1) of finding a glyph following another glyph is shown, for various parts of the Voynich manuscript and also for some other texts.
In the tables, the ‘ ‘ character (blank) signifies the start or end of a word. The “#” character signifies a rare character not listed in the tables.
For example, in the Recipes table below (generated from the “Recipes” section of the VMs), the probability of finding “o” as the first character of a VMs word can be found by looking up the row for the ” ” (blank) in the first column, then moving along to the “o” column and reading off the probability = 0.2.
Some immediate features of Note:
1) The most probable glyph to find at the start of a word in the Recipes: “1”
2) In the Herbal: “1”
3) In the Labels: “o”
4) The glyph “4” is commonly found in the Recipes and Herbals text, and it is followed by “o” at least 90% of the time. It is very rarely found in the Labels.
5) The most probable glyph to find at the end of a word in the Recipes: “n”
6) In the Herbal: “m”
7) In the Labels: “p”
The most probable words
These tables allow us to generate the “most probable” words (i.e. just by taking the most probable transitions in turn)
1) Recipes: “1oe”
2) Herbal: “oe”
3) Labels: “oe”
4) Star names: “alalal….”
5) Thomas Hardy: “s”
6) Augustinus (Latin): “is”
Normalized Transition table: vertical = first character, horizontal = following character voyn_101Recipes_Sentences.txt
' ' 'o' 'c' 'a' '9' '1' 'e' '8' 'h' 'y' 'k' '4' '2' '7' 'm' 'g' 's' 'n' 'p' '#' ' ' : 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.05 0.05 0.13 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.12 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.04 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.06 'o' : 0.05 0.0 0.03 0.02 0.0 0.01 0.18 0.11 0.17 0.08 0.14 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.03 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.06 'c' : 0.01 0.22 0.13 0.05 0.12 0.02 0.0 0.21 0.02 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.08 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.03 'a' : 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.22 0.01 0.01 0.22 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.14 0.0 0.0 0.11 0.07 0.14 '9' : 0.81 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.01 0.0 0.05 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 '1' : 0.0 0.14 0.5 0.05 0.07 0.0 0.01 0.08 0.02 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.03 'e' : 0.3 0.07 0.0 0.06 0.03 0.11 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 0.02 0.0 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.04 '8' : 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.3 0.38 0.02 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.05 'h' : 0.01 0.04 0.42 0.22 0.05 0.11 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.06 'y' : 0.58 0.1 0.0 0.18 0.04 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 'k' : 0.01 0.08 0.32 0.22 0.05 0.18 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.05 '4' : 0.0 0.91 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 '2' : 0.0 0.13 0.58 0.03 0.07 0.0 0.0 0.05 0.02 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.02 '7' : 0.03 0.0 0.02 0.28 0.57 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.04 'm' : 0.93 0.02 0.0 0.01 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 'g' : 0.0 0.19 0.02 0.17 0.03 0.49 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 's' : 0.51 0.11 0.01 0.22 0.04 0.0 0.01 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 'n' : 0.95 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 'p' : 0.94 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 '#' : 0.24 0.09 0.14 0.11 0.1 0.11 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.02
Normalized Transition table: vertical = first character, horizontal = following character Voyn101_First10Herbal_Sentences.txt
' ' 'o' '9' '1' 'a' 'c' '8' 'h' 'k' 'e' 'y' 's' 'm' '2' '4' 'g' 'p' 'n' 'j' '#' ' ' : 0.0 0.15 0.07 0.17 0.0 0.0 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.0 0.05 0.08 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.09 'o' : 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.13 0.11 0.13 0.19 0.1 0.02 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.03 '9' : 0.73 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 '1' : 0.0 0.43 0.14 0.0 0.1 0.21 0.0 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 'a' : 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.12 0.19 0.0 0.27 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.08 0.09 0.0 0.13 'c' : 0.02 0.28 0.31 0.0 0.09 0.13 0.0 0.03 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 '8' : 0.08 0.09 0.29 0.04 0.35 0.02 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 'h' : 0.0 0.23 0.12 0.22 0.19 0.12 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 'k' : 0.01 0.29 0.13 0.23 0.15 0.09 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 'e' : 0.46 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.01 0.0 0.09 0.02 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.06 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03 'y' : 0.68 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 's' : 0.48 0.12 0.07 0.08 0.14 0.04 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 'm' : 0.96 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 '2' : 0.03 0.48 0.1 0.0 0.05 0.27 0.0 0.02 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 '4' : 0.0 0.97 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 'g' : 0.02 0.21 0.13 0.43 0.06 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.08 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 'p' : 0.93 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 'n' : 0.93 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 'j' : 0.0 0.33 0.09 0.42 0.09 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 '#' : 0.23 0.22 0.12 0.04 0.08 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03
Normalized Transition table: vertical = first character, horizontal = following character LabelsAll.txt
' ' 'o' 'a' '9' 'e' 'y' '8' 'c' 'h' '1' 'k' 's' '7' 'm' '2' 'p' 'n' 'j' 'g' '#' ' ' : 0.0 0.48 0.05 0.04 0.01 0.0 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.09 0.01 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03 'o' : 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.21 0.14 0.08 0.02 0.14 0.01 0.16 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.02 0.04 'a' : 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.27 0.36 0.01 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.05 0.0 0.06 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.06 '9' : 0.82 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.05 0.0 0.04 0.0 0.03 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 'e' : 0.33 0.09 0.07 0.13 0.0 0.0 0.09 0.01 0.06 0.05 0.0 0.06 0.02 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.04 'y' : 0.33 0.14 0.25 0.13 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 '8' : 0.07 0.09 0.37 0.29 0.03 0.0 0.01 0.02 0.0 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03 'c' : 0.01 0.3 0.05 0.11 0.0 0.0 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.04 'h' : 0.01 0.24 0.27 0.11 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.17 0.0 0.13 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 '1' : 0.0 0.26 0.03 0.14 0.0 0.0 0.14 0.26 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 'k' : 0.01 0.31 0.2 0.11 0.01 0.0 0.01 0.19 0.0 0.11 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 's' : 0.22 0.21 0.38 0.08 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 '7' : 0.0 0.07 0.39 0.48 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 'm' : 0.69 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.08 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.04 '2' : 0.04 0.34 0.0 0.08 0.0 0.0 0.17 0.21 0.0 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.08 'p' : 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 'n' : 0.89 0.0 0.0 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 'j' : 0.0 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.31 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 'g' : 0.0 0.38 0.23 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.07 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 '#' : 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.2 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.06
Normalized Transition table: vertical = first character, horizontal = following character StarNamesLatham.txt
' ' 'a' 'i' 'h' 'e' 'l' 'r' 's' 'n' 'm' 'u' 't' 'b' 'k' 'd' 'c' 'z' 'f' 'o' '#' ' ' : 0.0 0.26 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.0 0.04 0.1 0.03 0.1 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.0 0.07 'a' : 0.09 0.01 0.05 0.07 0.0 0.16 0.1 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.0 0.04 'i' : 0.1 0.06 0.0 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.09 0.07 0.11 0.06 0.0 0.03 0.07 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.07 'h' : 0.29 0.35 0.09 0.0 0.11 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.03 0.0 'e' : 0.12 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.15 0.09 0.05 0.13 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.04 'l' : 0.14 0.19 0.09 0.04 0.07 0.02 0.0 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.1 'r' : 0.21 0.31 0.09 0.0 0.06 0.0 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.0 0.05 0.02 0.0 0.03 0.02 0.0 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 's' : 0.19 0.3 0.08 0.1 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.08 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.11 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 'n' : 0.34 0.21 0.12 0.01 0.08 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.0 0.01 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.03 'm' : 0.16 0.29 0.17 0.0 0.15 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.11 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.0 'u' : 0.01 0.02 0.0 0.03 0.02 0.07 0.15 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.07 0.12 0.05 0.07 0.02 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.04 't' : 0.28 0.28 0.05 0.18 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.04 0.0 'b' : 0.29 0.29 0.08 0.02 0.13 0.0 0.01 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 'k' : 0.22 0.4 0.11 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.04 0.0 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 'd' : 0.27 0.22 0.11 0.12 0.1 0.0 0.02 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.02 0.01 'c' : 0.07 0.22 0.02 0.37 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 'z' : 0.09 0.32 0.15 0.01 0.16 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.04 0.01 0.14 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.02 'f' : 0.19 0.42 0.15 0.0 0.05 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.0 'o' : 0.14 0.01 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.08 0.18 0.03 0.17 0.12 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.04 '#' : 0.05 0.33 0.07 0.14 0.14 0.01 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.07 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.06
Normalized Transition table: vertical = first character, horizontal = following character ThomasHardy.txt
' ' 'e' 'i' 's' 'n' 'r' 'a' 't' 'o' 'l' 'd' 'c' 'g' 'u' 'h' 'p' 'm' 'y' 'f' '#' ' ' : 0.0 0.03 0.03 0.11 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.16 'e' : 0.15 0.03 0.0 0.1 0.09 0.14 0.06 0.02 0.0 0.04 0.14 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.06 'i' : 0.0 0.04 0.0 0.08 0.31 0.04 0.02 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.03 0.0 0.01 0.06 's' : 0.31 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.14 0.03 0.01 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.03 'n' : 0.13 0.11 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.0 0.03 0.1 0.03 0.0 0.08 0.06 0.21 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.05 'r' : 0.11 0.23 0.1 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.09 0.05 0.07 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.03 0.0 0.04 'a' : 0.0 0.0 0.05 0.07 0.14 0.14 0.0 0.13 0.0 0.1 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.0 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.0 0.09 't' : 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.03 0.0 0.06 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.03 0.09 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.02 'o' : 0.01 0.0 0.01 0.04 0.21 0.12 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.11 0.0 0.03 0.06 0.0 0.01 0.12 'l' : 0.1 0.19 0.11 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.02 0.08 0.1 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.14 0.0 0.03 'd' : 0.45 0.15 0.12 0.03 0.0 0.03 0.02 0.0 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.02 'c' : 0.02 0.16 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.04 0.1 0.09 0.18 0.04 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.05 0.11 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.07 'g' : 0.42 0.11 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.06 0.05 0.0 0.03 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 'u' : 0.0 0.03 0.03 0.14 0.14 0.17 0.03 0.07 0.0 0.1 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.03 'h' : 0.11 0.28 0.13 0.01 0.0 0.02 0.14 0.06 0.13 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.01 'p' : 0.04 0.21 0.08 0.01 0.0 0.14 0.13 0.03 0.1 0.08 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 'm' : 0.06 0.23 0.13 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.17 0.0 0.11 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.1 0.03 0.01 0.0 0.05 'y' : 0.75 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.04 'f' : 0.04 0.13 0.13 0.0 0.0 0.06 0.14 0.03 0.14 0.08 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.07 0.0 '#' : 0.15 0.2 0.11 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.09 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03
Normalized Transition table: vertical = first character, horizontal = following character Augustinus_all.txt
' ' 'e' 'i' 'a' 't' 'r' 's' 'u' 'n' 'm' 'o' 'c' 'l' 'd' 'p' 'b' 'v' 'f' 'g' '#' ' ' : 0.0 0.04 0.09 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.09 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.08 0.03 0.07 0.09 0.0 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.03 'e' : 0.13 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.06 0.2 0.08 0.0 0.14 0.07 0.0 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.03 'i' : 0.08 0.04 0.0 0.05 0.12 0.02 0.14 0.04 0.12 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.0 0.02 0.01 'a' : 0.1 0.07 0.0 0.0 0.15 0.09 0.05 0.02 0.11 0.12 0.0 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.0 0.01 0.0 't' : 0.16 0.16 0.22 0.15 0.0 0.04 0.0 0.17 0.0 0.0 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 'r' : 0.12 0.24 0.16 0.15 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 's' : 0.43 0.09 0.08 0.05 0.09 0.0 0.05 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 'u' : 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.12 0.18 0.0 0.06 0.19 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 'n' : 0.0 0.1 0.11 0.06 0.27 0.0 0.08 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.05 0.02 0.0 0.11 0.01 0.0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.0 'm' : 0.46 0.08 0.1 0.09 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 'o' : 0.14 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.23 0.08 0.0 0.18 0.04 0.0 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 'c' : 0.01 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.1 0.05 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.18 0.03 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 'l' : 0.0 0.16 0.28 0.18 0.03 0.0 0.01 0.09 0.0 0.0 0.07 0.01 0.09 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 'd' : 0.0 0.28 0.36 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.09 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 'p' : 0.0 0.25 0.12 0.09 0.04 0.16 0.02 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.12 0.0 0.07 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 'b' : 0.0 0.11 0.14 0.38 0.0 0.04 0.02 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 'v' : 0.0 0.33 0.38 0.11 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.12 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 'f' : 0.0 0.17 0.21 0.19 0.0 0.04 0.0 0.13 0.0 0.0 0.08 0.0 0.07 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.07 0.0 0.0 'g' : 0.0 0.25 0.24 0.13 0.0 0.12 0.0 0.07 0.1 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 '#' : 0.22 0.05 0.05 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.0 0.34 0.0 0.0 0.05 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.07
Computational Attacks on the Voynich Manuscript 
